The International Organization for Standardization (French: Organisation internationale de normalisation, Russian: Международная организация по стандартизации, Myezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya po standartizatsii), widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial, and commercial standards.
Category: Web technologies & information standards (Page 10 of 58)
Here we include topics related to information exchange standards, markup languages, supporting technologies, and industry applications.
EPUB (short for electronic publication) is a free and open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). Files have the extension . epub. EPUB is designed for reflowable content, meaning that an EPUB reader can optimize text for a particular display device. EPUB also supports fixed-layout content. The format is intended as a single format that publishers and conversion houses can use in-house, as well as for distribution and sale. It supersedes the Open eBook standard.
Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) is an open standard that allows different content management systems to inter-operate over the Internet. Specifically, CMIS defines an abstraction layer for controlling diverse document management systems and repositories using web protocols. CMIS defines a domain model plus web services and Restful AtomPub (RFC5023) bindings that can be used by applications.
For a detailed discussion of CMIS see:
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL.
Also see XSL, XSLT, XSL-FO.
XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is a freely available and global standard for exchanging business information. XBRL allows the expression of semantic meaning commonly required in business reporting. The language is XML-based and uses the XML syntax and related XML technologies such as XML Schema, XLink, XPath, and Namespaces. One use of XBRL is to define and exchange financial information, such as a financial statement.
It can also be valuable for internal operational use. See:
The Standard Generalized Markup Language is an ISO-standard technology for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 defines generalized markup: Generalized markup is based on two novel postulates: Markup should be declarative: it should describe a document’s structure and other attributes, rather than specify the processing to be performed on it. Declarative markup is less likely to conflict with unforeseen future processing needs and techniques.
SGML was powerful and used for complex enterprise publishing and information management applications, but it was difficult and expensive to deploy.
W3C’s HTML and XML standards were based on SGML. XML was published in 1998 both as a corrective to the complexity of SGML, and to provide much-needed flexibility to HTML.
For a detailed, non-technical explanation of SGML and its value for business applications see Gilbane Report Vol 1, Num 2 – SGML Open – Why SGML & Why a Consortium
Content Repository API for Java (JCR) is a specification for a Java platform application programming interface (API) to access content repositories in a uniform manner. The content repositories are used in content management systems to keep the content data and also the metadata used in content management systems (CMS) such as versioning metadata. The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR-170 (Version 1). and as JSR-283 (version 2).
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards. The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for the languages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services. Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, while programmers have developed many application programming interfaces (APIs) to aid the processing of XML data.
A bit of background from the Cover Pages:
“The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is descriptively identified in the XML 1.0 W3C Recommendation as “an extremely simple dialect [or ‘subset’] of SGML” the goal of which “is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML,” for which reason “XML has been designed for ease of implementation, and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML.” Note that the “HTML” referenced in the preceding sentence (bis) means HTML 4.0 and 3.2 which were in common use as of 10-February-1998, when the XML 1.0 specification was published as a W3C Recommendation. The next version of ‘HTML’ is expected to be reformulated as an XML application, so that it will be based upon XML rather than upon SGML. As of December 1998, ‘Voyager’ was the W3C code name for HTML reformulated as an application of XML.”
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